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Windows 95/98
environment 800 by 600 screen resolution.
Instructions:
Save one of the following programs to your desktop or chosen
folder, then execute the program icon from there - the World icon
will represent the program. Only necessary support files will automatically
be included in the download process.
Download
Times: Less
than 30 seconds.
Please note:
Any suggestions are welcome regarding the illustration of these or
other proposed programs. The purpose of the programs is primarily to
illustrate nth- order Hyperaspherical surfaces and their
independence of a conic constant. If you find them of interest I
would be delighted to receive any considered observation, comment or
suggestion.
If you have
difficulty downloading the programs please let me know.
FresnelMirrorWebProg.exe
- HyperFresnel Mirror with data available for
analysis. 3rd March 2002
BiFresnelWebProg.exe
- HyperFresnel/Hypersurface lens with surface data available for
analysis.
SuperFresnelWebProg.exe
- Singlet lens - dual Fresnel surfaces
HybridFresnelWebProg.exe
- Hybrid Fresnel lens
HybridNullWebProg.exe
-
Interferometer lens-testing
HybridTestNullWebProg.exe
- alternative to the above but using a standard asphere equation
(with some restrictions) for the test surface.
HybridWebProg.exe
HyperCassegrainWebProg.exe
- two mirror telescopes
HyperSchmidtWebProg.exe
- Schmidt
camera
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HyperXrayWebProg.exe
- 1st lens
of a stacked lens system - synchrotron source.
Reference:
Nino Pereira's Lithium lens - Lithium metal for x-ray refractive
optics. Download PDF
file (360Kb) N. R. Pereira,
Ecopulse, Inc, PO Box 528 Springfield, VA 22150; D. A. Arms, R.
Clarke, S. B. Dierker, and E. M. Dufresne; Department of Physics,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109.1120; and D. Foster,
Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD 20873.
Reference: Bruno
Lengeler's hard x-ray lens - Imaging by parabolic refractive lenses
in the hard X-ray range. Download PDF
file (635Kb) Bruno Lengeler; Christian Schroer; Johannes
TuČ mmler; Boris Benner; Matthias Richwin; Anatoly Snigirev; Irina
Snigireva and Michael Drakopoulos
Design
and Fabrication of Compound Refractive X-ray Lenses for CHESS:
Abstract:
It has long been thought that focusing x-rays with refractive
optics was inefficient, if not impossible. Recent developments,
however, indicate this is not so. In this paper, we present our
work which consisted of designing, building, and testing several
compound refractive x-ray lenses for the Cornell High Energy
Synchrotron Source (CHESS). We have achieved a gain of
2.5 with one such lens,
while focusing a 12 keV beam to a width of approximately 10
microns. Such a beam could be used in various experiments due to
its extremely small width and high intensity.
Scott Forth PDF
file
Note: Standard aspheric formulations incorporate a conic
constant which, in addition to the conic base radius, defines the
conic - which may be further modified by employing an extended
polynomial (sometimes 20 terms) with aspheric coefficients. A
comprehensive article by Scott A. Lerner and Prof. Sassian of the
University of Arizona concerning 'Optical design with parametrically
defined aspheric surfaces', addresses the general difficulties
associated with the standard formulation for aspherical surfaces.
This article was published in revised form on 12th June 2000, by
Applied Optics and in association with the Optical Society of
America.
Regarding fabrication, a good source for research is Moore Tool
Company in Connecticut, who manufacture the Nanotech 220UPL
and 350FG and related systems suitable for mould tool insert
manufacture and further injection moulding of polymer lenses. They
also manufacture a grinder which will grind glass directly to
aspheric profiles and near polished surface quality. They also
provide test systems of high reliability.
Regarding 'less expensive' fabrication techniques, much depends on
volume of production. Clearly, polymer optics is cost effective in
large volume as the major cost is associated with mould tool insert
manufacture and set-up cost prior to injection moulding or
replication by other means. On the other hand. It may be that an
existing glass lens, for example, might simply require its surface
modified to aspherical form in order to better its performance -
achieved either by the removal of surface material or adding surface
material using an optical resin.
Back to the question of aspherical definition I might mention that
Hyperaspherical surfaces are independent of a conic constant and
aspheric coefficients. This may become apparent if you download
various programs available free from this web site. Hyperaspheres
generate according to optical path difference. An insight into
hyperaspherical optics may be achieved with reference to the theorem
of Malus and Dupin and its converse. Ref: Principles of Optics (Born
and Wolf)
Further, hyperaspheres can control and steer non-spherical
wavefronts, as desired. See
reference
Stavroudis, O.N.
1987, Tracing Wavefronts: Can it be
done? SPIE Vol.766 'Recent trends in optical design' pp
18-26
Hyperaspherical (nth-order) techniques and associated
applications are the subject of on-going research by Bentec Services Limited.
One objective is to generalize geometrical aspherical optics
beyond the various standard formulations involving endless
coefficients - for example, the following

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